Freedom of expression, sexuality and gay rights are long-debated themes in Indonesia. The debate sparked again, this time in early February 2016, when the government announced that same-sex emojis, stickers and emoticons should be withdrawn from use – including instant messaging Apps and social media such as LINE, WhatsApp, Facebook and Twitter. Such emoticons would include for instance, same-sex couples holding hands or same-sex faces with small hearts between them, which, according to the government, are capable of hurting Muslim sensibilities, and causing civil unrest.

Is this a typical policy-making decision in a Muslim state? Rather not. In Sharia-compliant countries, i.e. those countries where classical versions of Sharia law may be applied by courts and tribunals, such discussions are unthinkable. The same goes for neighbouring Muslim-majority countries that do not operate under an extremely rigid approach to Islamic law, like Malaysia and Bangladesh. In Indonesia however, with its approximately 250 million inhabitants that make it the largest Muslim-majority country, (and one of the founding members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference) everything is possible.

The reason is simple. Indonesia demonstrates an astounding diversity, evidence of large contrasts between the local lifestyles and the governmental edicts. Consisting of about 6,000 islands, with more than 300 different ethnic groups, Indonesian culture has always been a ‘spice-mix’; an amalgam of animists and indigenous practices, colonial traditions, western influences and local habits – precisely like the traditional mixing and blending of its cuisine in bumbu recipes.

As a result, while a certain ‘Islamic ethos predominates in national popular culture’ (Boellstorff, 2005a: 577), the understanding and application of Islam in the Archipelago differs substantially from that of the Muslim South Asia and the Middle East. The country’s similarities with neighbouring India and Singapore, the historic ideology of the pancasila and the need for the government to maintain a unique nation-state identity, as well as the touristic development have all played their part in this.

Hence, contrary to South Asian countries that maintain the colonial ‘377 offence’ that criminalizes ‘unnatural relationships’ and any other acts of ‘gross indecency’ (Saxena, 2001: 375, Rehman & Polymenopoulou, 2013: 5, 35 & 51) and to Sharia-compliant countries where homosexuality may be punished even by the death penalty (ILGA, 2015: 9-10; Rehman & Polymenopoulou, 2013:4) homosexuality in Indonesia is not a crime (ILGA, 2015: 73). There is only one area where Sharia law is strictly applied and enforced by local Sharia Courts: the region of Aceh in Northern Sumatra. ­In this area, despite the calls of Human Rights Watch and other human rights organizations, rigid corporal punishments such as flogging, are common for homosexual acts. In other regions, particularly the smaller islands, a certain openness towards the recognition of multiple gender identities, diversity and sexual preferences can be observed. This includes recognition of ‘modern’ sexual identities such as gay and lesbian Muslims, but also traditional transgender identities such as the wairas (similar to the hijras in the Muslim South Asia) (Hamzic: 2011, 241; Lau: 2008: 72). It also includes exceptional cases of small indigenous communities, including the Bugis people in the Southern Sulawesi, where gender diversity and trans-sexuality are diversified and well respected (Graham Davies: 2010).

On the other hand, however, the tensions under the fear of religious extremism are rising. Hence, while the Indonesian gay scene in Medan (Sumatra), Java, Bali and Komodo is flowering (including on dating sites), Indonesian gay Muslims find it hard to be openly both gay and Muslims (Boellstorff, 2005: 577). It is further alarming that in many areas local bylaws (‘perda’; ‘peraturan’) have passed, defining homosexuality as a crime, and extending the punishments to non-Muslims. These bylaws have passed not only in Aceh, but also in cities such as Palembang (Southern Sumatra), where recent perdas define homosexuality as a crime, equating it to prostitution – also punished by similar bylaws (Arnez, 2016: 74; Molloy 2016; ILGA, 2015: 73).

Until now, the government has held a moderate stance. Since 2000, gay prides have been regularly taking place, with the first one being celebrated in Surabaya in 1999 (Offord, 2011: 143); in 2002 the Q-fest, a pro-LGBT festival, was organized in Jakarta for the first time and is since then organized every year – a unique phenomenon in the Muslim world; in 2007, a group of international experts met in Yogyakarta (Java), and drafted the so-called ‘Yogyakarta principles’, posing an important step for LGBT rights as human rights with the support of the Gadjah Mada University; even in 2015, when the Muslim Council of Indonesian Ulema (MUI) issued an anti-gay fatwa, calling for the application of death penalty under Sharia law and for medical treatment services for LGBT individuals, the Indonesian Minster on religious affairs Saifuddin highlighted that ‘homosexuality is an individual’s choice’ (Molloy, 2015).

The ban of the emoticons is the first time that anti-LGBT initiatives are not emanating from local councils, or from Islamic extremists, but from the government – affecting largely the social media. It is further alarming that few days after the ban earlier this year, when the MUI threatened that they would issue another fatwa on the prosecution of LGBT individuals and the prohibition of LGBT rights advocacy on University campuses, the Government did not take a clear stance in protecting LGBT rights. It rather adopted, as Halim et al (2016) note, a ‘half-hearted’ approach, noting that, while LGBT individuals should not be discriminated against, LGBT individuals ‘should not take part in any LGBT campaigns’. The Minister of Religious Affairs in particular this time noted that LGBT rights are ‘a threat to the countries values’, qualifying homosexuality a ‘social disease’ and a ‘potential impediment to the legal system of Indonesia which does not allow same-sex unions’ (Halim, 2016). He also added that the it is the duty of religious leaders and Islamic madrasas to provide support, help and counselling for LGBT individuals, ‘give them critical thinking so they won’t be easy to be influenced by values that are against Islamic teachings’ (Prihantoro, 2016).

While the ‘emoticon’ debate itself seems rather trivial, the debates surrounding it are illustrative of the tensions between Islam and the local practices, as well as the perpetuating of the ‘family principle’ (kekeluargaan) in the Indonesian society, based on the idea of the heterosexual couple as the societal nucleus (Boellstorff, 2005a, 578; 2005b, 198-199). It is also illustrative of the hesitations of the government to reject intolerance and homophobia and abide by its human rights obligations. In a country where the threat of prosecution and punishment of homosexuals has revived, and where calls for medical treatment of homosexuality are back in every day reality, statements emanating from State officials that promote homophobia and incite to repression against sexual minorities are simply unacceptable. A number of authors have taken the stance that LGBT rights are not irreconcilable with the Muslim religion; there is no ‘incommensurability’ between Islam and heteronormativity (Bouhdiba, 1975; Murray & Will Roscoe, 1997; El-Rouayheb, 2005; Al-Haqq Kugle, 2010; ; El-Rouayheb, 2005; Hamzic, 2011; Rehman & Polymenopoulou, 2013). The Indonesian government should swiftly clarify its stance.

References

Al-Haqq Kugle, S.S. (2010) Homosexuality In Islam: Critical Reflection On Gay, Lesbian, And Transgender Muslims. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.

Anon (2016), ‘Indonesia bans ‘gay’ emojis on messaging apps including LINE, Whatsapp, Facebook and Twitter’, ABC news, 12 February 2016 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-12/indonesia-bans-gay-emojis-on-messaging-apps/7164674

Anon (2016) ‘In response to anti-LGBT fatwa, Jokowi urged to abolish laws targeting minorities’ The Jakarta Post, 18 March 18 2015, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/18/in-response-anti-lgbt-fatwa-jokowi-urged-abolish-laws-targeting-minorities.html#sthash.pVfhGUuK.dpuf

Anon (2016), ‘Does the fatwa on homosexuals in Indonesia matter? Conversation, 2 April, 2015, http://theconversation.com/does-the-fatwa-on-homosexuals-in-indonesia-matter-39531

Anon (2016), ‘MUI wants law to ban LGBT activities’ Jakarta post, 17 February 2016, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/17/mui-wants-law-ban-lgbt-activities.html

Arnez, M. (2016) ‘A Dialogue with God? Islam and Lesbian Relationships in Two Post-Suharto Narratives’, in Susanne Schroeter (ed.) Gender and Islam in Southeast Asia: Women’s Rights Movements, Religious Resurgence and Local Traditions. Brill Academic Publishing.

Boellstorff, T. (2005) The Gay Archipelago: Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Boellstorff, T. (2005), ‘Between Religion and Desire: Being Muslim and Gay in Indonesia’, American Anthropologist, 107 (4), pp. 575-585.

Bouhdiba, A. (1975) Sexuality In Islam. Oxon: Routledge.

Bush, R. (2008) ‘Regional Sharia Regulations in Indonesia: Anomaly or Sympton’ in: Greg Fealy & Sally White (eds.) Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, pp. 174-191.

Carroll, A., Paoli Itaborahy, L. (ILGA), State- Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love’ ILGA report 2015, http://ilga.org/what-we-do/state-sponsored-homophobia-report/

El-Rouayheb, K. (2005) Before Homosexuality In The Arab Islamic World, 1500–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Graham Davies, S. (2010) Gender Diversity in Indonesia; Sexuality, Islam and Queer Slaves. New York: Routledge.

Halim et al (2016), ‘Clerics want LGBT People indicted’ The Jakarta Post, 16 February 2016, http://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/the-jakartapost/20160218/281487865409510/TextView

Halim, H., Harsaputra, I. (2016) ‘Ulema Council to ban Muslims from LGBT advocacy’, The Jakarta Post, 9 February 2016, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/09/ulema-council-ban-muslims-lgbt-advocacy.html#sthash.8d8bnQ3l.dpuf

Hamzic, V. (2011) ‘The Case of Queer Muslims’, Human Rights Law Review, 11 (2), pp. 237-274.

Lau, H. (2008) ‘Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity: American Law in Light of East Asian Developments’, Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 31 p. 67.

Molloy, A. (2015), ‘Indonesia’s highest Islamic clerical body issues fatwa proposing death penalty for people caught having gay sex’, Independent, 16 March 2015, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indonesias-highest-islamic-clerical-body-issues-fatwa-proposing-death-penalty-for-people-caught-10111564.html

Murray, S., Roscoe, W. (eds.) (1997) Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History And Literature. NYU Press.

Offord, B. (2011) ‘Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia: Arrested development’ in Paternotte, D., Tremblay, M., Johnson, C. (eds.), The Lesbian and Gay Movement and the State: Comparative Insights into a transformed relationship. Ashgate Publishing, p. 135.

O’Grady, S. (2016), ‘Indonesian Official: Gay Emojis Could Cause Civil Unrest’, 12 February 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/12/indonesian-official-gay-emojis-could-cause-civil-unrest/

Prihantoro, A. (2016) ‘Religious Affairs Minister: LGBT Issue is Challenge for Clerics’, Tempo, 14 February 2016, http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2016/02/14/055744751/Religious-Affairs-Minister-LGBT-Issue-is-Challenge-for-Clerics

Rehman, J., Polymenopoulou, E. (2013) ‘Is green a part of the rainbow? Sharia, homosexuality and LGBT rights in the Muslim world’, Fordham International Law Journal, 37 (1), pp. 1-52.

Saxena, P. (2001), ‘Same-Sex Partnerships and Indian Law: climate for change’ iAndenaes, M., Wintemute, R. (eds.), Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European and International Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Further Reading on E-International Relations

• Western Dominance in Indonesia’s Discipline of International Relations
• Gender Representation in IR Journals: Experience from Indonesia
• Russian Democrats’ Stance on the LGBT Community: An Attitudinal Shift
• Indonesia’s Role in International Relations: A Perspective from the Global South
• Donors’ LGBT Support in Tajikistan: Promoting Diversity or Provoking Violence?
• Indigenous Sexualities: Resisting Conquest and Translation