Pamela Ligouri Bunker holds an MA degree in public policy from the Claremont Graduate University and is currently pursuing further graduate studies at the Handa Center for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews. Her writings have been published in academic and professional journals as well as in book chapter form. She is co-editor of the forthcoming Routledge Advances in IPE work, Global Criminal and Sovereign Free Economies and the Demise of the Western Democracies.