Author profile: Leighton James Hughes

Assessing the Success of Portuguese and Spanish Exploration and Colonization

Leighton James Hughes • Sep 20 2012 • Essays

The fact that colonialists had “more sophisticated weaponry” fails to address the question of why not all European nations were able to compete for the same opportunity to colonize.

Has American Imperialism Shaped the World in the 20th Century?

Leighton James Hughes • Aug 30 2012 • Essays

If America is an empire, it is not in the conventional sense of defined territorial occupation. However, it is essential to recognize the ways in which America has shaped the world of today.

Please Consider Donating

Before you download your free e-book, please consider donating to support open access publishing.

E-IR is an independent non-profit publisher run by an all volunteer team. Your donations allow us to invest in new open access titles and pay our bandwidth bills to ensure we keep our existing titles free to view. Any amount, in any currency, is appreciated. Many thanks!

Donations are voluntary and not required to download the e-book - your link to download is below.

Subscribe

Get our weekly email