Egypt has one of the most comprehensive welfare systems in Africa and the Middle East but has proved unable to alleviate poverty or improve social justice in the country.
The seemingly infertile soil for democracy in the Middle East can be better understood by primarily examining the hindering role of the coercive apparatus in the region.
Both ideological and internal and external geopolitical forces have led to the emergence, decline and subsequent failure of Pan-Arab Nationalism in the Middle East.
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