The city has always been a resource for power. Predominately, this power has been exercised through the use of surveillance by elites in government, the armed forces and law enforcement agencies.
The definition of security has expanded significantly. Now under the remit of security are issues beyond territorial conflicts and inter-state aggression.
A multidisciplinary approach to understanding cyber terrorism is essential to compiling policies capable of responding to today’s problems and to future threats.
The reintroduction of strategies contemplating the use of nuclear weapons by non-state actors has forced traditional deterrence theories to expand to fit a new security environment.
Multi-polarity will not only carry the risks entailed in the research of the balance of power among great powers, but will add a new wide-ranging nuclear threat into equations.
The ambiguity of Just War principles allow for various interpretations of the theory, which leads to the obfuscation of criminal acts.
Deterrence can be a valuable tool in a policy maker’s arsenal, but its successful application is uncertain, so finding alternative means of ensuring security should be a priority.
Finding a balance between state security and human security remains a central problem for the ever-expanding surveillance infrastructures now pervasive across the global system.
Aspects that mirror the ‘real world’ in the television series ‘Spooks’ blur the line between fantasy and reality while they allow the public to become aware of British intelligence operations.
With the exception of the ‘non-attribution’ problem, cyber-warfare and the systemic asymmetry of cyber-attacks are both overstated, posing more of an annoyance than a threat to state security.
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